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Amateur Radio Activities and Practices
 
Radio amateurs use Various modes of transmission to communicate. Voice transmissions are most common, with some such as frequency modulation (FM) offering high quality audio, and others such as single sideband (SSB) offering more reliable communications when signals are marginal and bandwidth is restricted.

Radiotelegraphy using Morse code remains popular, particularly on the shortwave bands and for experimental work, with its inherent signal-to-noise ratio advantages. Morse, using internationally agreed code groups, also facilitates communications between amateurs who speak different languages. It is also popular with home constructors as CW-only transmitters are simpler to construct.

Modern personal computers have led to a boom in digital modes such as radioteletype, which previously required cumbersome mechanical equipment. Hams led the development of packet radio, which has since been augmented by more specialized modes such as PSK31 to facilitate real-time, low-power communications on the shortwave bands. Other modes, such as WSJT, are used for weak signal modes including meteor scatter and moonbounce communications.

Similarly, fast scan amateur television, once considered rather esoteric, has exploded in popularity thanks to cheap camcorders and video cards in home computers. Because of the wide bandwidth and stable signals required, fast scan amateur television is normally limited to 100 km (about 60 miles) range.

However, with HAM TV repeaters linked together the video may travel across several states.
Amateur radio station with vintage vacuum tube gear featuring separate transmitter, receiver and power supply.

On VHF and higher frequencies, automated relay stations, or repeaters, are used to increase range. Repeaters are usually located on the top of a mountain or tall building. A repeater allows the radio amateur to communicate over hundreds of square miles using a low power hand-held transceiver. Repeaters can also be linked together, by use of other amateur radio bands, wireline, or the Internet. Repeater stations are either owned, maintained and operated by Clubs or individuals.

While many hams just enjoy talking to friends, others pursue specialized interests such as providing emergency communications for community emergency response teams; designing new antennas; communicating via amateur satellites; severe weather spotting; DX communication to far away countries; using the Internet Radio Linking Project (IRLP) to connect radio repeaters via the Internet; tracking vehicles using the Automatic Position Reporting System (APRS), which integrates with the GPS; engaging in the sports of Contesting, Amateur Radio Direction Finding and High Speed Telegraphy; or trying low-power operation.

Some enthusiasts collect vintage amateur radios, such as those using vacuum tube technology. Some hams also assist in the restoration and operation of antique radio equipment at museums and museum ships.

Many hams enjoy meeting each other in person as well through local clubs or at Hamfests. These annual events are popular, with the largest being held in Dayton Ohio, where more than 20,000 hams gather each May.
 
 
Emergency communications
 

In times of crisis and natural disasters, Amateur radio is often used as a means of emergency communication when wireline, cell phones and other conventional means of communications fail. Unlike commercial systems, Amateur radio is not as dependent on terrestrial facilities that can fail. It is dispersed throughout a community without "choke points" such as celluar telephone sites that can be overloaded. Amateur radio operators are experienced in improvising antennas and power sources and most equipment today can be powered by an automobile battery. Annual "Field Days" are held in many countries to practice these emergency improvisational skills. Amateur radio operators can use hundreds of frequencies and can quickly establish networks tying disparte agencies together to enhance interoperability.

Radiotelegraphy :

Radiotelegraphy or wireless telegraphy transmits messages using radio. Telegraphy includes recent forms of data transmission such as fax, email, and computer networks in general. (A telegraph is a machine for transmitting and receiving messages over long distances, i.e. for telegraphy. The word telegraph alone generally refers to an electrical telegraph.) Wireless telegraphy is also known as CW, for continuous wave (a carrier modulated by on-off keying, as opposed to the earlier radio technique using a spark gap).

Telegraphy messages sent by the telegraph operators using Morse code were known as telegrams or cablegrams, often shortened to a cable or a wire message. Later, telegrams sent by the Telex network, a switched network of teleprinters similar to the telephone network, were known as telex messages. Before long distance telephone services were readily available or affordable, telegram services were very popular. Telegrams were often used to confirm business dealings and, unlike e-mail, telegrams were commonly used to create binding legal documents for business dealings.
 
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